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Under the Stars of Citlaltépetl: A Journey Between Volcanoes and Freedom in Mexico

Text and images by Jacob Balzani Lööv

I have never felt so alone. It’s four in the morning and the snow crunches hard under the points of my crampons. Who knows where the moon has fled; luckily, I always carry a little of it with me, as in the poem by the Chiapas poet Jaime Sabines:

“[…] Un pedazo de luna en el bolsillo
es mejor amuleto que la pata de conejo:
sirve para encontrar a quien se ama,
para ser rico sin que lo sepa nadie […]”


“[…] A piece of moon in your pocket
is a better amulet than a rabbit’s foot:
it helps you find the one you love,
to be rich without anyone knowing […]”

Distant lightning softens the darkness. It’s normal, on mountains this high and isolated, to see storms far away, but it does add a certain tension. After all, hurricane season has just begun. I quicken my pace a little and find myself at the summit earlier than expected: it’s still night. I’m at the highest point in Mexico, at 5,636 meters, the Citlaltépetl, the “mountain of the stars” in the Aztec language.
I try to ease the solitude by thinking that maybe someone else will arrive. I look toward the opposite side, toward the slopes of the normal route, hoping to see some headlamps, but there’s nothing. None of the many Americans who come here to acclimatize before attempting higher peaks.
A thousand meters below, the small light of the Large Millimeter Telescope, busy photographing black holes—already outdated before the images are even taken.
I spend more than an hour walking back and forth along the crater, afraid that gusts of wind might make me slip into that infernal place that is slowly beginning to glow with a thousand colors. Finally, the sun rises, and the volcano’s perfectly triangular shadow stretches instantly across the plateau.
I warm up as I descend toward the refuge where Frida is waiting for me. The joy I feel at seeing another human being is so strong that perhaps the moon I was looking for in the sky wasn’t in my pocket after all; perhaps I really have been on the moon. We embrace.


Frida is a close friend of mine and the reason I crossed the ocean. We met in Italy, where she completed her architecture degree and worked for a few years before deciding to return to Xalapa, the city where she grew up, in the state of Veracruz, famous for having given its name to a type of chili peppers preserved and sold in vinegar—jalapeños.
It was Frida’s love for her homeland and its people that intrigued me: a love that is not easy to understand, because Mexico, behind its breathtaking landscapes, also hides extreme violence.

Mexicans are afraid to go out alone because, quite literally, people disappear. Since 2006, when President Felipe Calderón deployed the army against the drug cartels, more than 128,000 people have gone missing, including 14,000—roughly the population of my hometown on Lake Maggiore—just in 2025.
According to writer Cristina Rivera Garza, the term “War on Drugs” is misleading: the violence stems from decades of erosion of the rights of workers and farmers. It should be called “a war against the people of Mexico, a war against women, a war against the rest of us. […] The horror created by a state completely subordinated to the economic interests of globalization and colonialism. The Mexican neoliberal state that has turned its back on its obligations and responsibilities, surrendering to the relentless, lethal logic of maximum profit.”
In Mexico, the simple act of walking—of reclaiming one’s space without fear—is an act of resistance, and it is what Frida hopes to begin doing during my trip. In Italy, she started walking through forests and mountains, but here she has never had the courage to do so.

Heading toward Xalapa, I realize that the earth is alive. The landscape of central Mexico is shaped by the complex interaction between the North American plate and fragments of oceanic plates: thousands of volcanoes have formed here, about forty of them still active. The scenery is a succession of small volcanoes interspersed with fields, cacti, and volcanic lagoons.
This is where the Aztecs settled, and when the encyclopedic Alexander von Humboldt climbed Nevado de Toluca in 1803, he was probably not the first, given the number of ceremonial and precious objects found in the crater lakes.
In the Palace of Fine Arts in Mexico City there is a beautiful glass curtain depicting the two volcanoes Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl, perhaps the most beloved landscape among Mexicans. The first translates as “the smoking mountain” because it has been active since time immemorial, while the second means “the white lady”: they are the heroes of a tragic Aztec love story, turned into stone by the gods.
The curtain, from the early twentieth century, is inspired by the drawings of Gerardo Murillo, better known as Dr. Atl (“water” in Nahuatl), who during his lifetime made more than ten thousand sketches of volcanoes. It was Dr. Atl who came up with the idea that, to bring art to the masses, it should be displayed on buildings. After the Mexican Revolution, he became Minister of Culture and mentor to the three great muralists: Diego Rivera, José Clemente Orozco, and David Alfaro Siqueiros.
Dissatisfied with the leftward turn of his protégés, he became a fervent supporter of Nazism and Fascism, before fortunately abandoning politics and returning to his true passion: the study of volcanoes. Dr. Atl lived for two years on the slopes (and even inside the crater) of Popocatépetl, and when a small volcano formed in a farmer’s field—the Paricutín—he moved nearby to write How a Volcano is Born and Grows, a pleasant illustrated diary of its first decade of life.


For days I am taken care of by Frida’s family, and although I could dwell on my exciting culinary discoveries, I will focus only on the first two that stayed in my heart: mamey, a fruit shaped like an avocado but with bright red, intensely sweet flesh, and the simple quesadilla, born from the meeting of a corn tortilla and melted cheese.
To escape overeating, we decide to reach the volcano overlooking Xalapa: Cofre de Perote (4,282 m). Once you manage to escape the city traffic, you realize that Mexico’s population density is three times lower than ours, and completely alone we walk all morning through magnificent forests, gasping for air due to the altitude.
How can such a beautiful place be dangerous? The greatest risk is eating a sandwich while absorbing an immeasurable dose of electromagnetic waves. The summit is covered in antennas and transmitters. I photograph it, staying true to the theory that when something is excessively ugly, it becomes beautiful.
To lose all the acclimatization we had painfully gained, we travel through the states of Chiapas and Oaxaca, where I am introduced to the culture of mezcal, a kind of whiskey made from agave, before returning to the high plateau, where the desire to climb volcanoes resurfaces.
Only a few days remain now, and the good-weather days are becoming increasingly rare. We devise a perfect acclimatization plan and find ourselves at the foot of La Malinche, named after the controversial interpreter and lover of Hernán Cortés. While we discuss her role in the conquest of Mexico, accompanied by friendly dogs, we reach the summit at 4,420 m.
I wonder whether the effort of bringing us up there was compensated by the calories of the little food we shared with them. Probably not.

After a pleasant night in a tent, we set off driving toward Citlaltépetl, where a long paved road allows us to park at 4,000 meters above sea level. Again, no one around, we think as we slowly make our way up to the refuge at a snail’s pace.
Noodles, a few hours of sleep, and I’m at the summit. Frida didn’t come up with me, partly because of the thin air and partly because she doesn’t yet have enough experience, but she says that one day she will get there.
As we descend toward the car, I ask her if she now feels a little less afraid of walking in her mountains. “It’s not that I’m less afraid,” she replies, “but you helped me break a barrier by accompanying me through that fear, and now I hope I’ll be able to experience my mountains even when you’ve left.”
I’m moved to think that such a simple gesture—like the beautiful and fragile act of walking—could have helped Frida. The freedom we have in Europe to explore forests and mountains without worry is a precious and by no means obvious privilege.


Routes:


Cofre de Perote (4,282 m) from the village of Tembladeras, +1,200 m
La Malinche (4,420 m) from Centro Vacacional IMSS Malintzi, +1,400 m
Citlaltépetl (or Pico de Orizaba, 5,636 m) from Atzitzintla / southern face


Day 1: Parking – Gomar Refuge, +800 m
Day 2: Gomar Refuge – Citlaltépetl, +800 m


Notes: It is easy to find accurate descriptions and GPS tracks of these routes online. The starting points can be reached by a normal car. Always stock up on water before setting off, as water sources are generally nonexistent, especially for the unmanned Gomar refuge, where it is also advisable to bring a stove. The routes are graded EE (Experienced Hikers), except for the second day of the Citlaltépetl ascent, which is PD grade and requires assessing snow hazards. It is discouraged in case of high traffic due to rockfall risk (in that case, the northern normal route is much safer).


Footwear:


Throughout the trip—at the seaside, in cities, in the jungle, and on lower volcanoes—I used Flyrock GTX shoes, while for tackling volcanic sand and the snow of Citlaltépetl I used Croda GTX boots.

Jacob Balzani Lööv

Jacob Balzani Lööv is an Italian-Swedish photographer obsessed with stories of people intimately connected to a specific place. Although passionate about the outdoors, Jacob’s main focus is documentary photography, a practice that takes him into different environments—not only natural ones, but also often into those theatres of conflict where human events of global significance are unfolding.

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